Executive function refers to a set of cognitive skills that influence our ability to learn, work, and manage daily life. Underdeveloped executive function skills can significantly affect students' academic performance and wellbeing.
Working in higher education, you’ve likely seen first hand how these challenges can lead to falling behind in class, declining grades or increased risk of dropping out.
In a recent webinar led by Sammy, our Learning Lead here at Glean, we explored the component parts of executive function, the common challenges students encounter, and practical strategies for improvement that can be readily implemented to support their academic journey.
Missed the webinar? Fear not, below you’ll find the key takeaways…
Unpacking executive function
Executive function is often broken down into three core areas - working memory, inhibitory control, and flexibility.
Working memory serves as the brain's temporary holding space, processing incoming information and deciding what's worth keeping for the long term. Imagine a mental whiteboard where thoughts and ideas are jotted down before being erased.
Inhibitory control, on the other hand, is similar to impulse control. It helps us focus our attention, regulate our emotions, and make thoughtful choices. It's the capacity to pause and think before we act or speak.
Lastly, flexibility allows us to adapt to change, think creatively, and consider different perspectives. It's about embracing new situations and adjusting our approach as needed.
A more nuanced understanding of executive function, as highlighted in a 2016 study by Dajani, reveals a broader range of skills.
These include the ability to shift between tasks seamlessly, manage emotions effectively, initiate, plan, and organize tasks (including gathering the necessary materials), monitor progress and success, and recall information from memory.
Challenges faced by students
When executive function skills are underdeveloped, students may face significant hurdles in their academic performance and overall wellbeing.
This includes, but is not restricted to:
- Difficulty following instructions and remembering tasks
- Struggles with organization and time management
- Increased distractibility and difficulty maintaining focus
- Emotional dysregulation and impulsivity
- Problems with task initiation and completion
- Challenges with adapting to change and problem-solving
These difficulties can lead to falling behind in class, declining grades, and an increased risk of dropping out.
Practical strategies for improvement
Sammy emphasized the importance of providing structured support to help students strengthen their executive function skills.
Here are some actionable strategies:
- Break down tasks: Provide step-by-step instructions and chunk larger projects into smaller, more manageable steps.
- Use visual cues: Highlight important information using bold text, underlining, or color coding.
- Minimize distractions: Create a learning environment that is free from unnecessary distractions.
- Encourage the use of assistive technology: Provide access to speech-to-text software, mind mapping tools, and other assistive technologies.
- Offer frequent check-ins: Regularly monitor student progress and provide guidance and feedback.
- Teach self-monitoring strategies: Equip students with techniques for tracking their own progress and identifying areas for improvement.
- Promote a growth mindset: Encourage students to view challenges as opportunities for learning and growth.
By understanding the complexities of executive function and implementing effective support strategies, educators and support staff can empower students to overcome challenges, improve their academic performance, and achieve their full potential.
Remember, fostering a supportive and inclusive learning environment is paramount to facilitating student success.
